computer Basics

COMPUTER BASICS

1. What is computer?

Ø  The word ‘computer’  is derieved from the latin word “computare” which means to calculate. Many years ago, calculating devices such as Abacus, Slide rule , Napier’s bone etc. were used.

Ø  Computer is an electronic machine that can accept the data, process them according to the instructions and gives the result.

C=common

O=operating

M=machine

P=particularly

U=used in/ used for

T=technology

E=education

R=research

·        External parts of Computer

1.      Monitor:- A monitor is an electronic output device used to display information being entered and processed on a computer. The Primary use of monitor is to display images, text, video, and graphics information generated by the computer.There are three types of monitor and they are as follows:-

a.      CRT(Cathode Ray Tube)

b.      LCD(Liquid Crystal Display)

c.      LED(Light Emitting Diodes)

2.      Mouse:- Mouse controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display  screen. Mouse is used to point, click, drag and give commands to the computer. In mouse single click means select whereas double click means open. In MS-word double click means word selection and triple click means paragraph selection. For multiple selection we need to use ctrl key with left mouse click.

a.   NormalMouse

b.   Optical Mouse

c.    Wireless Mouse

3.      Keyboard:- keyboard is one of the important input device of a computer which is used to enter data and instructions into the computer through the computer through the keyboard.there are 4 types of keys in the keyboard and they are as follows:-

I.          Alphabet Keys(character Keys):- A to Z

II.          Number keys(calculation Keys):- 0 to 9

III.          Function Keys:- F1 to F12

IV.          Special Keys:- Tab, Caps, Shift, Ctrl, Windows, Esc, Enter,Spacebar, Backspace, Alt, Insert, Home, End, Delete, Page up/down, Print scr, Scroll etc.

a.      Normal Keyboard

b.      Multimedia Keyboard

4.      Cpu:- (central Processing Unit) the processing unit, commonly known as Cpu is where the data is processed according to the program.

a.   ALU- The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs the arithmetic and logical functions that are the work of the computer. The arithmetic functions are addition, subtraction, multiplication division, and comparisons, whereas the logical functions mainly include selecting, comparing, and merging the data. The complex operations are performed by making repetitive use of the operations mentioned above. 

b.   Memory management unit- The memory management unit (MMU) manages the data flow between the main memory (RAM) and the CPU. It also provides memory protection required in multitasking environments and conversion between virtual memory addresses and physical addresses.

c.   Control Unit- The control unit (CU) is the director of operations. This is where the input is read and interpreted. It sends data to the ALU, memory unit, and other locations as needed. It translates things into binary in order to store them and sends instructions to many different output devices. The control unit is the coordinator of all input and output devices. It transfers data and instructions to other parts of the CPU.

5.   Speakers

InputDevices
The data and instructions entered into the computer as a whole is called input. Computer processes the input and produces the result. Computer cannot perform any task without input. The devices which are used to enter data and instructions to the computer are called input devices. Keyboard, Mouse, Light pen, Joystick are the example of input devices.

·      Desktop Default icons

1.   Computer/ This Pc

2.   Recytcle Bin

3.   User’s File

4.   Control Panel

5.   Network

·      Information Storage in a Computer

1.   Bit = Smallest unit of data, it consists of either 0 or 1

2.   Nibble= combination of 4 Bits

3.   Byte= Combination of 8 bits

4.   1024 Bytes= 1 Kilobytes(kB)

5.   1024KB= 1 Megabytes(MB)

6.   1024MB= 1 Gigabytes­(GB)

7.   1024GB= 1 Terabytes(TB)

8.   1024TB= 1 Pentabytes(PB)

·      Concept of hardware and Software

1.   Hardware:-computer hardware means the physical parts of a computer which we can touch feel. Such as mouse, Keyboard, monitor etc. Hardware is known as body of computer.

2.   Software:- Computer software is a general term used to describe a collections of programs, procedures and documentation that perform some task on a computer system. A Software instructs the computer hardware what task it should perform and how. So, Software enables the computer to do work . We cannot touch the software as it is known as the soul of the computer.

o  Create new folder:- Ctrl + Shift + N

o  Rename:- F2

o  Delete:- Ctrl + D

o  Permanently Delete:- Shift + Delete

o  Copy(Duplicate):- Ctrl + C

o  Cut (Move):- Ctrl + X

o  Paste:- Ctrl + V

·      Windows Control Button

1.   Close

2.   Maximize/ Restore Down

3.   Minimize

1.   How to Change Folder Icon?

Ø Right mouse click

Ø Properties

Ø Customize

Ø Change icon

Ø Select the icon that you want/ like

Ø Ok

Ø Apply………ok

2.   How to restore file or folder from recycle bin?

Ø Open recycle bin

Ø Right mouse click on that file or folder

Ø Click on Restore

3.   How to take screenshot in Computer?

Ø Click on start button

Ø Type "snipping tool" on searchbar

Ø Open snipping tool

Ø New ( if necessary)

Ø Take the screenshot

Ø File..........Save as (ctrl+S)

Ø Give the file name

Ø Choose the location where you want to save

Ø Save

4.   How to show/Hide desktop default icons?

Ø Right mouse click

Ø Personalize

Ø Themes

Ø Desktop icon setting

Ø Tick mark "to show"

Ø Remove tick mark "to hide"

Ø Apply......... Ok

·      Run Command (windows + R)

The run command will let you locate and execute any application on your system.

·      To open the program from Run Command.

1.   Ms-Paint                = pbrush/ mspaint

2.   Wordpad                = wordpad

3.   Calculator              = calc

4.   Microsoft Word      = winword

5.   Microsoft Excel      = Excel

6.   Powerpoint             = Powerpnt

 

Microsoft Office Word

Application file name     : winword

Extension file name        : .DOCX

Microsoft office word is one of the most popular and the most

efficient word processing software which helps us to create

different professional looking text documents. It helps us to

preapare a document with the combination of different text,

pictures, tables, shapes, etc. Word can be used to creat official

documents like application, appointment letter, experience

letter, proposals, magazines, books, and personal document

likebio-data, personal letters etc. There are different versions

of microsoft office such as office 2000, office XP, office 2003,

office 2010,and many more are now available in the market.   

1.   Step to loading office word

Ø Click on start button

Ø Choose program and microsoft office

Ø Then, choose microsoft office word

2.   Alternative way to open MS- office word

Ø Click on start button

Ø Choose run command and type "winword" and press enter/ ok button

1.   Office Button

This button is used to create new document, open an esisting

file/document, save the current document, print, Print preview

etc.

A. New (ctrl + N)

This option is used to create new document.

B. Open (ctrl + O)

This option is used to open an esisting document.

C. Save (ctrl + S)

This option is used to save the current document.

1.   How to save file or document in MS- Word?

Ø Click on office button

Ø Save (ctrl+S)

Ø Give file name

Ø Choose the location where you want to save

2.   How to save file providing password?

Ø Click on office button.

Ø Save as (F12).

Ø Give file name.

Ø Choose the location where you want to save.

Ø Tools......... General option.

Ø Type the password ........ Ok.

Ø Retype the same password.............. Ok.

Ø Save.

D. Save as (F12)

it is used to resave the saved file with another filename or in

another location. Also used to save file in another format.

E. Print (ctrl + P)

It is used to print the document file.

F. Print Preview (ctrl + F2)

It is used to see how the document looks like if printed.

G. Preapare

It is used to apply password to the current document.

Steps:-

Ø Office button

Ø Preapare

Ø Encrypt document

Ø Type the password......... Ok

Ø Retype the same password...... Ok.

Ø Save.

H.     Close (ctrl + W)

It is used to close the current file/document.

Menu Tab

There are mainly 7 types of Tabs in MS- Word

1.   Home Tab

2.   Insert Tab

3.   Page Layout Tab

4.   Reference Tab

5.   Mailings Tab

6.   Review Tab

7.   View Tab

Ribbon

The ribbon is the panel of the document.

1.   Home Tab

The home tab contains most of the common text formatting and editing options. The ribbon of the home tab is divided into different individual groups, each of which contains similar types of option.

1)  Clipboard

It is used to store the copy or cut items. Altogether we can store 24 items in the clipboard

a)  Copy/ Duplicate (Ctrl + C)

It is used to copy the selection.

b)  Cut/ Move (Ctrl + X)

It is used to cut and move the selection.

c)   Paste (Ctrl + V)

It is used to paste the copied or cut items.

d)  Format Painter

It is used to copy the formatting from the selection and apply it into another one.

Copy Format :- Ctrl+Shift+C

Paste Format:- Ctrl+Shift+V

Note:-

Double Click on word:- Word Selection

Triple click on word :- Paragraph Selection

2)  Font Group (Ctrl+D)

The font group enables users to customize text such as change font, style of text, size of text, provide text colors change etc.

a)  Font (Ctrl+Shift+F)

It is used to change the font name. Default font Calibri(body).

b)  Font Size(Ctrl+Shift+C)

It is used to change the font size. Default font size is 11.

Note:-

Undo (Ctrl+Z):- Repeat the last action.

Redo (Ctrl+Y):- Repeat the last entry.

c)   Grow Font

It is used to increase font size.

·      Increase font size by 1 point:- Ctrl+]

·      Increase font size by more than 1 point:- Ctrl+Shift+>

d)  Shrink Font

It is used to decrease font size.

·      Decrease font size by 1 point:- Ctrl+[

·      Decrease font size by more than 1 point:- Ctrl+Shift+<

e)   Bold (Ctrl+B) : B

It is used to bold the selection. It can be text or paragraph.

f)  Italic (Ctrl+I)

It is used to make the selected text or paragraph italic.

g)  Underline (Ctrl+U)

It is used to make underline the selected text or paragraph.

Double Underline (Ctrl+Shift+D)

It is used to make double underline to the selection

h)   Strike Through

It is used to draw straight line through the middle of the selected text or paragraph.

Example :- No Entry

i)  Sub Script (Ctrl+=)

It is used to create small letter below the text base line. It is especially used to preasent molecular formula.
Example:- H2O

j)   Super Script (Ctrl+Shift+=)

It is used to create small letter above the text base line. It is especially used to preasent mathematical formula.
Example:- (a+b)2=a2+b2+2ab

Note:- For multiple selection we should use Ctrl Key.

a)  Change Case (Shift+F3)

It is used to change the common case to sentence case, lower case, upper case, and other common capitalizations.

i)    Sentence Case

My name is xyz. I love blue color.

ii) Lower Case

my name is xyz. i love blue color.

iii)         Upper case (Ctrl+Shift+A)

MY NAME IS XYZ. I LOVE BLUE COLOR.

iv)          Capitalize each word

My Name Is Xyz. I Love Blue Color.

v)   Toogle case

For this case we need to first take it into capitalize each word case then we can do toogle case.

My name is xyz. I love blue colr.

b)  Text highlight color

It makes text look like it was  marked with highlighter or pen.

c)   Fonnt color

It is used to change the color of the selected text or paragraph.

d)  Clear formating (Ctrl+spacebar)

It is used to clear the formatting from the selection.

e)   Bullets (Ctrl+Shift+L)

It is used to apply bullets to the selection.

·      How to define new bullets?

Ø click on bullets.

Ø Define more/ new bullets.

Ø Symbols

Ø Choose font like “webding”, “windings”, “windings2” etc.

Ø Select the bullets you like.

Ø Ok …….Ok.

f)    Numbering

It is used to apply numbering to the selection.

Example:- Name of countries

(1)                   Nepal

(2)                   India

(3)                   China

(4)                   Pakistan

g)  Multi level list

1)  Asia

a)  Nepal

i)    Bagmati provience

(1)                   Makawanpur

(a)         Hetauda

(i) Chaugada

v Increase indent

It is used to increase the indent of the selection.

v Decrease indent

It is used to decrease the indent of the selected text or paragraph.

v Sort

It is used to sort the data according to ascending or descending order

Ascending order:-a-z, 0-9

Descending order:-z-a, 9-0

v Align text left (Ctrl+L)

It is used to align the text to the left indent.

v Center align (Ctrl+E)

It is used to align text to the center.

v Align text right(Ctrl+R)

It is used to align text to the right indent.

v Justify (Ctrl+J)

This creates the clean look along the left and right side of the page.

v Line spacing

It is used to change the spacing between the lines. Default line spacing 1.15 .

v Shading

It is used to color the background behind the selected text.

v Border

It is used to apply border to the selected text or the paragraph.

1)  Editing group

a)  Find (Ctrl+F)

It is used to find the particular text in the current document.

Note:- To find the exact word

Ø Click on more option.

Ø Tick mark on” find the whole word only”.

b)  Replace (Ctrl+H)

It is used to replace the particular text with another one.

c)   Go to (Ctrl+G)

It is used to go to directly to the entered page number.

2)  Insert tab

 1.   cover Page

  Cover page is used to design for the first page of the document. Normally it is used for creating reports, thesis and documentation. You can choose any layout design for your document.

2.   Blank Page

  Blank Page is used to insert a blank page on the current location of the document.

3.   Page Break

  Page Break is a formatting feature that allows you to specify where a     new page should begin within a document. It is used to control the         layout and appearance of your document, especially when you want       to start a new section or chapter on a fresh page.

      When you insert a page break, all content following the break is moved to the next page, creating a clear separation between the current and subsequent pages.

      You can insert a page break in two main pages.

v Manual page break

Ø Place your cursor at the desired location in your document.

Ø Go to the insert tab in the word ribbon.

Ø Look for the "Pages" group and click on the "Page Break" button.

v Alternatively, you can use the keyboard shortcut (CTRL+ENTER).

Ø A page break will be inserted, and the content after the break will move to the next page

1.  Tables group

Table option is used to insert a table in your document. We have to define number of columns and number of rows for the table. We can create a table yourself by drawing the number of columns and number and rows. You can also format your table.

Merge cell

It is used to combines two or more than two cell into one.

steps:-

Ø select the cell that you want to merge.

Ø Right mouse click

Ø Merge cell

         OR

Ø Select the cells

Ø Layout tab

Ø Click on merge cell

Note:-

For calculator

Ø Window+R

Ø Type”Calc”

Ø OK

For calculation in MS_- Word

v Ctrl+F9

Ø Minimum : =min(left)F9

Ø Maximum : =max(left)F9

Ø Average : =average(left)F9

Ø Total : =sum(left)F9

 How to add columns/ row?

 



 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                                   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                                  


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